January 2, 2025
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Since Russia invaded Ukraine, it has extracted at least $2.5 billion worth of gold from Africa through illicit operations facilitated by its paramilitary forces.
That money, taken from artisanal and small-scale mines in Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Eritrea, Guinea, Libya, Mali and Sudan, “has been funneled back into the Russian war machine,” according to a World Gold Council report published in November.
“The mysterious death of Yevgeny Prigozhin, head of the Russian mercenary Wagner Group, in a plane crash in August 2023, has not curtailed Russia’s looting and pillaging of natural resources around the world — from Libya to the Central African Republic (CAR),” the report said. “Instead, the Kremlin has seized the moment to wrest back control over those lucrative business interests.”
Experts say the gold is moved through intricate, illegal international schemes.
“We’re seeing a great deal of gold being sold, smuggled and refined and effectively laundered through the Middle East, in particular the UAE [United Arab Emirates], in the Dubai gold market,” political analyst Jessica Berlin told National Public Radio (NPR). “Also, via China and Hong Kong, there are very, very extensive and complex front companies, shell companies being used to move the money.”
Berlin, co-author of 2023’s “The Blood Gold Report,” said the gold is transported on trucks and planes to those countries, where it is melted down and mixed with legally sourced gold. Berlin’s report focused on Russia’s gold mining work in the CAR, Mali and Sudan.
“These countries are where Russia’s blood gold trade has really taken off,” Berlin told NPR. “They’re the primary targets for Russia’s operations in the gold industry.”
In the CAR, Russian Africa Corps mercenaries have committed massacres at artisanal mining sites. At least 20 artisanal miners in Koki were killed in mid-June after failing to attend a meeting called by the mercenaries. After the meeting, the mercenaries attacked the mining sites surrounding Koki, according to the CAR’s Corbeau News Centrafrique (CNC).
About a week later, Africa Corps fighters called a meeting of stakeholders in the town’s mining sector. According to CNC, the mercenaries declared that no one was allowed to buy gold on the site and that anyone who did would be executed. The mercenaries designated six people as middlemen to buy gold exclusively for them. Any violation of that rule, they said, also was punishable by death.
The mercenaries then confiscated everything the miners and traders brought to the meeting, including mobile phones, gold reserves, valuable tools and cash.
Russian mercenaries also are known to take over mining operations with help from government forces in countries led by military juntas with ties to the Kremlin.
In February, for example, Africa Corps fighters arrived by helicopter near the rural Malian village of Intahaka in the Gao region and seized the country’s largest artisanal gold mine. With the help of the Malian military, the mercenaries secured the site by forcing out a Tuareg rebel group.
In August, junta-led Burkina Faso granted Russian gold mining company Nordgold a four-year license to operate a new gold mine in the North Central region, where Nordgold already operated three gold mines.
According to the Norbert Zongo Cell for Investigative Journalism in West Africa, Nordgold in 2018 raked in $16.5 million in gold mining royalties thanks to a low tax deal made with a former Burkinabe government 15 years earlier. The money could have funded vital public services.
There is “no single panacea to eliminate the risks” tied to Russia’s pursuit of African gold, the World Gold Council report said. It called for international, government and business actors to develop a strategic plan to expand law enforcement, reinforce sanctions and offer incentives for artisanal gold mining communities to formalize.
“International coordination needs to be improved, and a single primary forum should be agreed for bringing together the otherwise siloed efforts to boost implementation and enforcement,” the report said.
The post Experts: African Gold Helps Fund Russia’s War With Ukraine appeared first on Africa Defense Forum.
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President-elect Donald Trump’s nomination of Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a vaccine skeptic who spreads medical disinformation and conspiracy theories, to head the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) alarmed public health experts who say that Kennedy’s potential confirmation could have dire consequences for the state of health and science in America.
“I can’t think of a darker day for public health and science itself than the election of Donald Trump and the nomination of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as secretary of health,” says Lawrence Gostin, director of Georgetown University’s O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law.
“To say that RFK Jr. is unqualified is a considerable understatement,” he continues. “The minimum qualification for being the head of the Department of Health and Human Services is fidelity to science and scientific evidence, and he spent his entire career fomenting distrust in public health and undermining science at every step of the way.”
If confirmed by the Senate, Kennedy would have sway over health agencies like the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that fall under the purview of HHS. Kennedy, who endorsed Trump in the 2024 election after ending his own longshot presidential campaign as an independent, has promoted a plan to “Make America Healthy Again,” which includes goals like reversing “an epidemic of chronic disease,” banning certain food additives and chemicals, and cleaning up “toxic chemicals from our air, water, and soil.”
But Kennedy, 70, has faced blowback for spreading medical disinformation. He has falsely claimed that vaccines cause autism, which has been debunked by years of scientific research proving vaccines are safe and effective. He’s claimed that adding fluoride to the water supply—a safe and long-standing practice that protects oral health—is linked to IQ loss, bone cancer, and more, and has said he would stop the practice. He’s accused the FDA of “aggressive suppression” of raw milk; the FDA doesn’t order people not to drink raw milk, but cautions that raw milk can contain dangerous bacteria, including E. coli and listeria, which can lead to illnesses and even death (health authorities have also been advising the public to avoid drinking raw milk during the bird flu outbreak, since the virus can survive in it).
Read More: What Donald Trump’s Win Could Mean for Vaccines
Since the election, Kennedy has said that he and the Trump Administration wouldn’t take vaccines off the market, but public health experts are concerned that he would appoint officials in the FDA or CDC who share his debunked anti-vaccine views and could try to slow, restrict, or revoke vaccine approvals. Gostin says there are “guardrails” in place that would prevent Kennedy from passing extreme policies—for instance, the head of HHS wouldn’t have the power to ban vaccinations or vaccination mandates, since those public health powers are left up to state or local officials. If the FDA tried to withdraw approval of a vaccine without scientific justification, Gostin says he expects that that argument wouldn’t hold up in court.
Even so, Gostin says he believes Kennedy “could do enormous damage” when it comes to vaccine policy in the U.S. He worries that HHS could “cherry pick” data that casts doubt on the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, which could influence state and local officials and sow public distrust. Agencies like the FDA and CDC “set the scientific gold standard for public health recommendations,” and if they release false or misleading information, Gostin worries “it will poison the well of public opinion and nobody will know who to trust.” And that could lead to fewer people getting vaccinated and “an explosion” of vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, and rubella, Gostin says.
“You shouldn’t have somebody who’s a vaccine denier and science skeptic as head of the nation’s most venerable scientific agencies,” Gostin says. “He’s shown that, on a huge range of public health issues, he takes the position outside the scientific mainstream, that he peddles mis- and disinformation, and that he’s not to be trusted with the health and safety of Americans.”
Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia who has served on CDC and FDA vaccine advisory committees, says he was “sickened” by the news of Kennedy being nominated for the position. He compares Kennedy being considered for the role to “having somebody who doesn’t believe in gravity being the head of NASA.” He criticizes Kennedy for previously indicating that he would deprioritize infectious diseases as a research focus at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
“We are experiencing an H5N1 [bird flu] outbreak right now, and so if we remove infectious disease funding—then what? I’m trying to make it make sense,” says Katelyn Jetelina, an epidemiologist and founder of the newsletter Your Local Epidemiologist.
Kennedy will face an uphill battle to win Senate confirmation. But Offit says the nomination alone is a concerning representation of a lack of trust in science. Experts worry that Kennedy could continue to spread medical misinformation as the head of HHS—and that many people will believe it.
“There’s a good chance that falsehoods and rumors will be broadcast from the most powerful office in the nation, and I think this will drive confusion, anxiety, and questions that are going to have a direct negative impact on Americans who genuinely have good questions and are interested in making evidence-based health decisions,” Jetelina says. “My biggest concern is the disinformation that will be amplified—that is no longer on the fringes, but it will become mainstream.”
While many public health experts fear Kennedy’s stances on vaccines and infectious diseases, some are more optimistic about his positions on food and nutrition. On his website, Kennedy promises to “ban the hundreds of food additives and chemicals that other countries have already prohibited” and “change regulations, research topics, and subsidies to reduce the dominance of ultra-processed food.” Dr. Dariush Mozaffarian, a cardiologist and director of the Food Is Medicine Institute at Tufts University, says Kennedy’s focus on food and nutrition is “potentially very powerful to finally have some real, meaningful change in this country to address our national nutrition crisis.” While other experts acknowledge that food and nutrition do need reform, they cast doubt on whether Kennedy would do so effectively, and stress the threat that he would pose to other areas of health, including vaccines.
“I’m going to be hopeful and be optimistic and not pre-judge what RFK Jr. might do as a Cabinet secretary and head of a major agency based on what he’s done and said in the past,” Mozaffarian says. “I hope and assume he’s going to use the best science to move forward.”
Still, a day after Trump announced the nomination, most public health experts are dismayed about what Kennedy’s leadership at HHS could bring. “In short, he’s not going to use science, and he’s not going to do the hard work to make America healthy again,” Gostin says. “In fact, I think he’s going to make America ever more sick and distrustful of public health.”
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As internet access spreads rapidly across the continent, cybersecurity remains an important challenge as Africa lacks online security professionals, digital literacy among the population and legislation to confront online crime.
“Africa’s digital potential can’t be unleashed if the continent’s key cybersecurity challenges are not addressed,” Charmaine Houvet, senior director of government strategy and policy at Cisco Africa, wrote recently for Fast Company.
With internet access across Africa projected to grow by more than 57% to 1.1 billion users by 2029, security threats will continue to increase, requiring nations to invest more in cybersecurity, experts say.
“No African economy, no matter its level of development, can afford to be targeted as the ‘soft underbelly’ of global business networks by cybercriminals,” Houvet wrote.
Houvet recommended several ways in which African nations should invest to improve national and continental cybersecurity:
A variety of cybersecurity experts say African nations also must invest more in developing homegrown cybersecurity experts. The continent needs more than 100,000 qualified cybersecurity experts to meet the demand of a rapidly digitizing population, according to Liquid C2, an Egypt-based cybersecurity firm.
In its 2024 analysis, cybersecurity firm KnowBe4 described Africa’s cybersecurity environment as “moderate.”
KnowBe4 noted that Africa’s cybersecurity landscape is improving but still faces limited resources, inadequate cyber awareness, and economic restraints. However, three nations — Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria — have become models for managing cybersecurity.
Kenya’s banking sector, in particular, received praise as “a standout performer” for its robust security operations, according to KnowBe4.
Ghana’s dedication to improving its cybersecurity boosted it from near the bottom of the International Telecommunications Union’s 105-nation Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) in 2017 to the top tier in 2024.
“Ghana’s leadership in cybersecurity did not happen overnight. Instead, the country’s achievement is the result of strategic decisions and long-term investments made over the past decade,” World Bank researchers wrote in a 2023 report on Ghana’s cybersecurity success. The national leadership’s investment in cybersecurity, including the creation in 2023 of the Cyber Security Authority, was key to Ghana’s progress.
Nigeria, home to Africa’s largest number of internet users, ranks in the middle of the ITU’s five-level cybersecurity metric. The nation is improving its cybersecurity but still has ground to cover, according to the ITU.
Remi Afon, past president of the Cyber Security Experts Association of Nigeria, recently called for the federal government to more urgently address Nigeria’s cybersecurity shortcomings.
“Despite being Africa’s largest economy and a rising tech hub, Nigeria’s performance in the GCI reflects several deep-rooted challenges that hinder its ability to effectively secure its digital infrastructure,” Afon said in a public statement.
Although a handful of countries have established themselves as cybersecurity models, many African nations continue to struggle with building their cybersecurity foundations. For those nations, cybersecurity expert Yasmine Abdillahi said it’s crucial to focus on the basics.
Even simple steps such as limiting access to computer systems, backing up files and requiring two-factor authentication can reduce the risk of cyberattacks, she wrote.
“In resource-constrained environments, core and basic practices are often easier to achieve than comprehensive frameworks,” Abdillahi wrote recently for the Atlantic Council. “Despite the increasing use of advanced and complex technologies like artificial intelligence, basic security measures remain surprisingly effective at diminishing the likelihood of cyber threats and mitigating their impact.”
The post As Internet Use Grows, Experts Urge African Nations to Emphasize Cybersecurity Basics appeared first on Africa Defense Forum.
Economic experts said Nigeria needs to reduce its public debt and improve capital development to end economic hardship.
A renowned economic strategist, Dr Justin Amase and Lanre-Peter Elufisa, the Country Executive Director of Ominira Initiative, disclosed in separate statements at the Freedom in Nigeria Conference, held in Abuja Thursday.
On his part, Amase said that there is a need to urgently tackle insecurity and solve the fundamental problem of power supply.
According to him, power and transportation are the two critical infrastructures needed to boost any form of entrepreneurship and then improve market access to reduce inventory costs.
Amase, the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of Macrostract, stressed that Nigeria should drive initiatives in the power and transportation sectors to stabilise the economy.
“The underlying measures of economic performance are the ones that drive economic stability.
“For instance, look at the GDP in Nigeria; it has been fluctuating. It moved up after the pandemic and between 2022 and 2023, and is going down again. Gross domestic product is very volatile. Over 90 million Nigerians are poor. 40 per cent of all the country’s fundamentals are weak. Once fundamentals are weak, every other thing will not work well.
“There’s a way you can address the fundamentals significantly if you have a coherent plan, and then you dimension that plan into a short form, medium term and long one. That’s what comes to China, Malaysia, Singapore, all of them, this is what they did.
“We have not shown that sincerity. They [the elites] are working for themselves. So there have not been any serious decisions about how to change the economy,” he said.
He noted further that the price of oil, the country’s mainstay, is determined by external forces.
“So the fundamentals will continue to be weak unless we diversify,” he stressed.
Elufisa, in his statement, urged Nigeria to remove all barriers to productivity.
He said this is the only way businesses could strive in the country.
He added that the economic issues bedevilling the nation were a result of wrong policies and mismanagement of government over the years.
“These economic issues—I think we’ve got them wrong over the years. We’ve had a series of economic mismanagements over the years in the past, and, you know, in recent years, some of the problems that we face are not completely internal.
“We have some external shocks going back to COVID-19; we’ve had two economic recessions in the last decade, seven years. So all of that has had an impact on Nigeria’s economic growth.
“Simply, we’ve seen the inflationary pressures that have reduced the purchasing power of the average Nigerian. It costs more now to feed, it costs more now to transport, and it costs more to do business.
“This is affecting our productivity as a nation, driving more people into poverty, and this is why we’ve put this programme up today to discuss promoting enterprise in Nigeria,” he said.
To mark the International E-Waste Day, October 14, consumers worldwide are urged to collect dead and/or unused electronics and electrical products and give them a second life through reuse or repair, or recycle them properly. Above all, consumers should stop throwing them away in household waste bins.
The Global E-waste Monitor 2024, authored by UNITAR, in cooperation with ITU, reported almost a quarter of end-of-life electronic waste ends up in home trash, squandering billions of dollars worth of copper, gold and other precious metals, materials critical to the production of such products, along with valuable plastics, and glass.
The 14 million tonnes of e-waste (dead or unused products with a battery or plug) discarded with ordinary household waste works out to the weight of approximately 24,000 of the world’s heaviest passenger aircraft – enough to form an unbroken queue of giant planes from London to Helsinki, NY to Miami, Cairo to Tripoli, or Bangkok to Calcutta.
Speaking to the issue, Ibukun Faluyi of E-waste Producer Responsibility Organisation Nigeria (EPRON), told Nigerian Tribune that, “We are putting a spotlight on e-waste today. E-waste has no place in household bins.”
Faluyi added that for cities and towns outside Lagos where collection centres are not yet available, consumers need to put e-waste aside until there is opportunity to dispose them in an environmentally sound manner.
Pascal Leroy, Director General of the Brussels-based Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Forum, in a statement sent to Nigerian Tribune, stated that: “Small electronic and electrical goods such as mobile phones, toys, remote controls, game consoles, headphones, lamps, screens and monitors, heating and cooling equipment, and chargers are everywhere.
It’s no longer news that Nigeria has a huge housing deficit estimated at 20 to 25 million units.
Besides, various factors not limited to high cost of land, high building materials’ cost, lack of access to good infrastructure, frequent building collapse incidents, lack of affordable mortgage, lack of virile mortgage sector, poor housing finance, high interest rates on loans from banks, bottleneck procedures associated with planning permit and issuance of Certificate of Occupancy, and poor housing policies have been adduced for huge accommodation’s shortage in the country.
Others are fluctuating foreign exchange, high unemployment rates, widespread poverty, security concerns, corruption and low purchasing power.
For the nation to bridge the huge gap of housing’s deficit, experts have estimated that it would need to build one million housing units per annum for the next 20 years.
Another set of experts estimated that Nigeria would need N21 trillion to solve its housing deficit.
Speaking to Nigerian Tribune on how to address the Nigeria’s housing deficit were the President, African Real Estate Society (AFRES), Mr Kunle Awolaja; Public Relations Officer, Lagos State chapter, Nigerian Institute of Building (NIOB) Akingbade Adekola; Executive Secretary, Association of Housing Corporation of Nigeria, Toye Eniola; Principal Partner of Femi Oyedele & Co/ CEO of Fame Oyster & Co. Nigeria, Femi Oyedele; Founder, Cromwell PSI, Sola Enitan; and President , International Facility Management of Nigeria, (IFMA), Lekan Akinwunmi.
Proffering solutions on how bridge Nigeria’s 20 million housing deficit, Awolaja said that it would require a multi-faceted approach involving policy reforms, private sector involvement, and innovative housing solutions that are sustainable.
He listed some of the key solutions that might be applied to bridge the housing gap in the country.
The solutions, according to Awolaja, include government led initiatives; Public Private Partnerships; grant of subsidies, flexible mortgage terms; micro mortgages; use of local innovative building materials; alternative techniques sustainability; streamlining land acquisition and property registration; land reforms; digitising land records via Electronic – Geographical Information System (E-GIS); affordable lands; technological driven urban planning; transparent rent to own schemes; tax relief and incentives and reducing bureaucratic bottlenecks.
Others are affordable financing for developers; affordable rental housing; rent control policies; comprehensive housing policies; housing data and research; decentralising economic activities and creation of satellite cities.
Besides, he urged the Federal and State Governments to embark on more large-scale housing programmes and encourage the use of tested local materials.
“Intensive research should be carried out in schools and research institutes on more ways to improve the quality of our local building materials.
“A combination of affordable housing projects, mortgage financing, innovative building materials, and streamlined land policies can help close the housing gap. Long-term urban planning and infrastructure development will also be critical in sustaining housing delivery efforts across the country,” Awolaja said.
Another expert, Femi Oyedele, suggested the need for improving land titling to revive the dead capital in Nigeria.
He also canvassed for massive investment of government in local building materials’ manufacturing, adding that there should be distinction between economic and social housing.
“Since Nigeria is a signatory to Article 25 of 1948 which stated that housing is a right of everyone in Nigeria, and since this has been enshrined in our 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the governments at all levels must declare state of emergency on housing and provide “welfare housing” for workers, social housing for the poor people, home for the homeless for the unemployed who sleeps on streets and on canters in the markets and ensure everybody can sleep in a decent accommodation.
“This affordable housing can be possible with the use of local building materials like laterite bricks as walling materials and clay slates as roofing sheets,” Oyedele said, urging the governments on the need to engage professionals in the housing sector for sustainable housing development in Nigeria.
To address the housing deficit and improve the mortgage sub-sector, Akingbade Adekola Israel, a builder, urged the government and stakeholders to work together to develop a comprehensive housing policy; establish a robust regulatory framework; provide incentives for private sector investment; invest in infrastructure development, and improve access to housing finance.
Mr Sola Enitan, an estate surveyor and valuer, said that Nigeria would need a multi-faceted, collaborative approach, combining government policy reforms, private sector investment, and international assistance to overcome housing challenges.
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To mark International E-Waste Day, October 14, consumers worldwide are urged to collect dead and/or unused electronics and electrical products and give them a second life through reuse or repair, or recycle them properly.
Above all, consumers should stop throwing them away in household waste bins.
The Global E-waste Monitor 2024, authored by UNITAR in cooperation with ITU, reported almost a quarter of end-of-life electronic waste ends up in home trash, squandering billions of dollars worth of copper, gold, and other precious metals, materials critical to the production of such products, along with valuable plastics, and glass.
The 14 million tonnes of e-waste (dead or unused products with a battery or plug) discarded with ordinary household waste works out to the weight of ~24,000 of the world’s heaviest passenger aircraft – enough to form an unbroken queue of giant planes from London to Helsinki, NY to Miami, Cairo to Tripoli, or Bangkok to Calcutta.
Pascal Leroy, Director General of the Brussels-based Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Forum, in a statement sent to Nigerian Tribune, stated that: “Small electronic and electrical goods such as mobile phones, toys, remote controls, game consoles, headphones, lamps, screens and monitors, heating and cooling equipment, and chargers are everywhere. And electronic components embedded in consumer products large and small – even clothing – are now omnipresent. The 844 million e-cigarettes thrown away in 2022 alone contained enough lithium, for example, to power 15,000 electric cars.”
Magdalena Charytanowicz of the WEEE Forum in charge of International E-Waste Day, added that: “We know what to do, and we can do better.”
She stated that the place to start is the junk drawer, a common feature of homes around the world.
Globally, there are 108 mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people. Earlier surveys have shown that European households alone store about 700 million unused or non-functioning mobile phones – an average of more than two per household.
Charytanowicz added; “Hoarding is an issue predominantly in wealthier countries. Elsewhere, reasons for keeping appliances are often personal data concerns or a desire to recover some of their value.”
ECONOMIC and financial experts have charged the Federal Government to put in place measures that would align with the current economic realities to achieve the projected $1 trillion economy by 2030.
They urged the Federal Government to tinker with its current policies and speed up infrastructure development to encourage more investments if it must realise the target.
Managing Director/Chief Economist of the Analysts Data Services & Resources Limited, Dr. Afolabi Olowookere, advocated this while presenting a paper at the 9th edition of Nigerian Association of Insurance and Pension Editors (NAIPE) conference in Lagos with the theme, “Towards a $1 trillion Economy, Roles of Insurance and Pension Sectors”.
He said the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew from 2.98 percent in the first quarter of 2024 to 3.19 percent in the second quarter, noting that the forecasts in the short to medium term remained weak.
Dr. Olowookere noted that inflation and other socio-economic manifestations, such as interest rates could constitute obstacles to achieving the projection.
He highlighted that inflation rate rose from 21.82 percent in January 2023 to 34.19 percent in June 2024, and declined slightly to 33.40 percent in July 2024 and further fell to 32.15 percent in August 2024.
According to him, “Inflation reached 32.15 percent (YoY) in August 2024, driven mainly by food price inflation and loose financial conditions. With continued monetary tightening, IMF projects inflation would gradually decline to 24 percent (YoY) at the end of 2024 and further to 14 percent by 2027.
“Hence, interest rate is expected to remain relatively high in response to inflation and economic instability. Naira has depreciated by 71.15 percent between January 2023 and August 2024, rising from N461/US$l to NI,598.1/US$, now around NI,650/US$. Naira will likely continue to face gradual depreciation pressures due to trade imbalances and inflation”.
He stressed that managing the economy under the current setting would, at best grow it to around $450 billion by the projected 2030 date.
The financial analyst while reflecting on the current GDP position identified the leading contributors to Nigerian outputs to include Agriculture, ICT, Trade and Manufacturing.
Dr. Olowookere noted that the financial and insurance sectors account for 6.579 percent of Nigeria’s GDP, but continue as the major driver of economic growth.
He stated, “It has remained the fastest-growing sector in recent time. The performance of Nigerian economy has been mixed in the last one year. The performance of the financial sector and fiscal space has been largely positive. But changes in the real sector of the economy have not been impressive”.
Delving on the Nigerian insurance sector’s outlook and contribution to the GDP, Olowookere stated that the total assets in Nigeria’s insurance industry grew by 36.9 percent in Q1 2024 from N2.4 trillion in Q1 2023 to N3.3 trillion.
“Non-life businesses accounted for NI.94 trillion while life businesses contributed NI.39 trillion. NAICOM sees the market as sound, stable, and profitable with a positive outlook. The insurance uptake remains stagnant and critically low as only 3.1 percent of adults (3.4 million) were reportedly covered by a regulated insurance policy, according to EFInA 2023 report.
“The sector’s total value added in 2023 was N687.3 billion. Its contribution to GDP is less than 0.6 percent. Its growth rate fluctuates over time, recording 13.3 percent in Q2 ’24, far higher than 3.19 recorded for the entire economy,” he said.
The financial analyst submitted that the adoption of digital technologies was revolutionising the way insurance products are marketed, sold, and serviced.
According to him, from online policy purchases to mobile claims processing, insurers are leveraging technology to enhance the customer experience and streamline operations.
“Insurtech companies are revolutionizing the traditional insurance industry by introducing new products, streamlining processes, and reaching untapped market segments, enhancing efficiency and customer engagement.
“Insurers are utilising data analytics to provide personalized products and services, enhancing customer experience and loyalty through improved communication channels like chatbots and social media engagement,” he stressed.
The Chairman of the occasion and a former Commissioner for Insurance, Mr. Fola Daniel in his goodwill message commended NAIPE for putting the programme together.
He said the nation stands at a pivotal moment in the industry, one that calls for reflection, innovation, and collaboration.
He noted “Over the past decade, NAIPE has grown from a nascent idea into a formidable platform that champions a vital role in the insurance and pension sectors. Our mission has always been clear: to enhance the quality of information disseminated to the public and to foster a deeper understanding of the complexities within our industries.
“Today, we are privileged to have with us diverse array of speakers, thought leaders, and industry experts who will share their insights on the evolving landscape of insurance and pensions. The themes we will explore in this conference, are not just timely but essential as we navigate the challenges and opportunities.”
Stakeholders in pension and insurance sectors, as well as retirees and University students, were in attendance at the conference.
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THE Out-of-Home sub-sector of the nation’s advertising and the Entertainment industry can play a major role in the nation’s economic recovery drive. But, there must be a synergy between the two to achieve such objective, marketing communication practitioners have argued.
The practitioners, while speaking at this year’s Location Marketing Awards (LOMA), attended by key stakeholders, explored the different strategies OoH advertising can be used to enhance the fortunes of Nigeria’s entertainment industry.
Tagged: “Unlocking The Power of Out-of-Home Advertising in Building The Nigerian Entertainment Industry”, the conference also explored different innovative ways to harness OOH advertising to propel the country’s vibrant entertainment sector to new heights.
Participants at the event also delved into the unique features and advantages of various outdoor advertising platforms, emphasising their vital role in entertainment promotion.
Setting the tone for the discussion, the Group Executive Director, Omnicon Media Group, Mr. Yinka Adebayo, in his keynote address, discussed the impact of OOH advertising on Nigeria’s entertainment and media landscape.
He highlighted the critical importance of visibility, insisting on the need for the presence of brands, individuals and corporate bodies to be felt.
“If your presence is not felt, your absence will not be missed,” he stated.
Adebayo encouraged stakeholders to explore collaboration and partnership across industries.
The discussions covered a wide range of topics, from music and film production, to visual entertainment; fostering a lively session that addressed key industry challenges.
Explaining the rationale behind the event, the Convener of LOMA, Kingsley Onwukaeme, stated that the focus of the organisers was to stress the need for commitment to excellence in the OOH sector.
He believed the OoH practice and the Entertainment industry in Nigeria hold a key to unlocking the nation’s economic growth, insisting that the earlier such potential is unlocked, the better for the two industries and the nation’s economy, by extension.
“LOMA’s primary focus is elevating excellence within the Out-of-Home advertising industry through our thought leadership sessions and maintaining integrity in our award processes,” he added.
Onwukaeme also explained the dual purpose of the event, which, he stated, was to celebrate excellence in OoH advertising, recognize industry achievements and inspire future generations.
“Yesterday was for learning; today is for celebration. We believe that by promoting innovation and recognising outstanding achievements, we can drive the entire sector forward,” he stated.”
He also noted that the involvement of relevant regulatory agencies, such as the Advertising Regulatory Council of Nigeria (ARCON), had gone a long way in ensuring the credibility of the event’s proceedings.
Various awards were presented, recognizing outstanding contributions in both corporate and individual categories.
One of the highlights of the event was the conferment of the Most Influential OoH Personality Award on MD/CEO of NewCrystal Communications, Sir Dozie Mbanefo.
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President Bola Tinubu has approved the National Policy on Health Workforce Migration to address the challenges facing Nigeria’s health human resources.
The Coordinating Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Prof Muhammad Pate, disclosed this on his X handle on Monday.
Pate said the policy is more than just a response to the ongoing exodus of healthcare professionals but a comprehensive strategy to manage, harness, and reverse health worker migration.
Pate said, “This afternoon, HE President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR @officialABAT, in-Council, approved a landmark policy set to transform healthcare human resource management in Nigeria.
“The National Policy on Health Workforce Migration addresses the critical challenges facing Nigeria’s health human resources. As the AU Champion for Human Resources for Health and Community Health Delivery Partnership, Mr President’s commitment to a resilient and robust healthcare system is powerfully reflected in this forward-looking policy.
“This policy is more than just a response to the ongoing exodus of healthcare professionals; it’s a comprehensive strategy to manage, harness, and reverse health worker migration. It envisions a thriving workforce that is well-supported, adequately rewarded, and optimally utilised to meet the healthcare needs of all Nigerians.”
Many Nigerian healthcare workers leave the country for greener pastures, leaving their colleagues to contend with additional workload and extended call hours.
The push factors, according to them, are inadequate equipment, worsening insecurity, poor working conditions, and poor salary structure
The minister noted that central to this vision is the Nigeria Human Health Resource Programme, which sets a framework for regular reviews of working conditions, ensuring that health workers, especially in rural and underserved areas, receive the recognition and rewards they deserve.
“By fostering an environment conducive to professional growth and stability, the policy aims to retain top talent within Nigeria.
“In an increasingly digital world, integrating advanced health technologies is essential. The policy’s focus on digital health infrastructure—including Electronic Medical Records, telehealth, and a comprehensive Health Workforce Registry—marks a significant step towards a more efficient, data-driven health system. These innovations will streamline healthcare delivery and enhance the equitable distribution of health workers, ensuring access to quality care for all Nigerians.
“Capacity building is at the heart of this policy. It recognises the importance of continuous professional development, with strategic partnerships and opportunities for international training to equip our healthcare professionals with cutting-edge skills. This investment in human capital underscores our commitment to retaining and empowering our healthcare workforce,” he stated.
He added that the policy addresses the return and reintegration of Nigerian health professionals from the Diaspora.
He said by establishing streamlined registration processes and providing attractive incentives, the policy not only encourages the return of talented professionals but actively reintegrates them into the health system.
“This approach leverages the expertise of our diaspora to bridge gaps within the health sector. Also, the policy champions reciprocal agreements with other nations to ensure that the exchange of health workers benefits Nigeria. These bilateral and multilateral agreements are designed to protect national interests while respecting the rights and aspirations of our healthcare professionals. We call on recipient countries to implement a 1:1 match—training one worker to replace every publicly trained Nigerian worker they receive.
“Recognising the importance of work-life balance, the policy includes provisions for routine health checks, mental well-being support, and reasonable working hours, especially for younger doctors. These measures aim to create a supportive work environment, reducing burnout and enhancing job satisfaction.
“The governance of this policy will be overseen by the National Human Resources for Health Programme within @Fmohnigeria, in collaboration with state governments. This ensures responsible implementation and alignment with broader sector-wide health objectives.
“With this decisive action, the National Policy on Health Workforce Migration is set to secure the future of Nigeria’s healthcare system. Under Mr President’s leadership, this policy will further catalyse the transformation of our health sector, ensuring access to quality healthcare for all Nigerians. As we embark on this journey, all stakeholders are invited to contribute to building a healthcare system that reflects our nation’s potential and promise,” Pate noted.
Vortex Momentum is a crypto trading platform designed to make the dynamic crypto market accessible to everyone. The platform aims to remove barriers in trading by incorporating advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and sophisticated algorithms. According to the creators, Vortex Momentum offers user-friendly features while ensuring safety and security. In this Vortex Momentum review, we’ll examine each aspect of the trading app in detail to determine if it’s genuine and worth investing in.
Visit Vortex Momentum Platform
Before concluding, it’s important to determine whether this system is truly legitimate. In this Vortex Momentum review, we’ll explore the system’s features, how it works, and other key aspects. This trading system has been discussed in various crypto forums and meet-ups and is reported to have a 98% success rate, helping traders make profitable trades. Despite the positive feedback, we must look at all the details to see if it lives up to the hype.
So, let’s get started!
Trading platform name | Vortex Momentum |
Platform type | Web-based system |
Registration required | Yes |
Registration fee | None |
Minimum required capital | $250 |
Supported assets | Various cryptocurrencies |
Payout time | 24 hours |
Payment methods supported | Credit/debit cards, PayPal, Skrill, net banking, wire transfers, etc. |
Countries available | Legal in many countries across the world |
Official Website | Click Here |
Vortex Momentum is a trading platform designed to provide smooth trading experiences for traders of all levels, from beginners to experts. The system uses cutting-edge artificial intelligence and mathematical algorithms to analyze the ever-changing crypto market and produce accurate trade signals. Additionally, Vortex Momentum offers seamless charting and reporting to support your trading journey.
The Vortex Momentum platform provides a variety of trading services and tools to help you trade cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other assets. With its adaptable user interface, advanced charting tools, and a demo account, the system is designed to meet your trading needs. Additionally, Vortex Momentum prioritizes user safety, employing SSL encryption and other security measures to protect your data.
Click Here To Visit Vortex Momentum Official Website
The Vortex Momentum trading system is designed to make trading effortless. This automated platform operates according to the parameters set by each trader. It uses advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, algorithms, and analytics to assess real-time trading conditions, identify profitable opportunities, and execute trades accordingly.
These technologies also help the system detect downward market trends and take steps to minimize risks and limit losses. For those who prefer more control, there’s also a manual trading mode, allowing traders to make decisions based on real-time market data. The system provides all the necessary support and guidance to help you make profitable trades while reducing the likelihood of human error.
No Vortex Momentum is not a scam
Based on our research, the Vortex Momentum platform is legitimate. The trading app stands out for its simple, cost-free registration process, along with its use of innovative technologies. It offers customization options and integrates SSL encryption and other measures to protect user data. For transactions, Vortex Momentum supports secure banking options. Both user feedback and expert opinions have been positive so far, suggesting that the platform is indeed trustworthy.
It has also come to our attention that many Vortex Momentum replicas are available online. These sites mainly target novice traders and they can lose all their hard-earned money if they sign up on these sites. So, we recommend that you sign up only through its official website.
To start trading on Vortex Momentum, one should first register and create an account. The processes are quite simple and transparent. Let’s check out the process of creating an account on Vortex Momentum.
Visit the official Vortex Momentum website and go to the Registration page. You should fill out the form with basic details, like name, phone number, email address, and country of origin. After filling it out, submit the form.
The Vortex Momentum verification team will verify your details after you submit the form. After verification, they will send a confirmation link to your email address. You should click on the link to complete the process.
Before trading through Vortex Momentum, you should deposit the minimum capital of $250. You can increase the amount if you are aiming for higher profits. Various payment methods are available on this system, such as credit/debit cards, PayPal, net banking, etc.
Once you fund your Vortex Momentum account, you can select the assets you want to invest and set the parameters. After you complete all these processes, you can begin trading through this system.
Register On Vortex Momentum For Free
The Vortex Momentum trading system has different features and tools that enhance its functions. Here, we will review all the features.
Time Leap is an advanced feature of the Vortex Momentum trading system. It allows users to start trading 0.01 seconds before the market time. They can get a peek into the market status before its opening time. This also enables them to make the right and profitable decisions.
Vortex Momentum has a user-friendly and intuitive interface. Users, especially novice traders, don’t have to struggle with the functions of this system. They can easily navigate through the system without facing any complications. Users can easily adopt and use all the operations of this system.
As you can see, the Vortex Momentum trading system supports various cryptocurrencies. Traders can invest in multiple ones at the same time and expand their investment portfolios. This can also reduce the risks in trading by balancing the losses and profits.
A demo mode is also available with Vortex Momentum. Traders can practice trading and test different strategies in this mode. This is free of cost and traders don’t have to make real investments while using this mode. Novice traders can start by using the free demo mode before moving to real-time trading.
The creators of the Vortex Momentum system have prioritized the safety and security of user funds and data. This trading system uses encryption technologies, like SSL and two-factor authentication. They help protect user data and funds from external attacks or data breaches.
As mentioned, the Vortex Momentum system has received positive feedback from users across the world. Many users have said they made substantial profits after continuously trading through this system. Traders also said it helped them track their progress and provide all the required guidance to make profitable trading. It has become trendy among novice traders who say the system provided the required help.
After thorough evaluation, experts have given Vortex Momentum a rating of 4.5 out of 5. This rating indicates that the platform is safe, reliable, and efficient. However, these crypto experts also caution about the highly volatile nature of the crypto market. They recommend trading responsibly to reduce risks and minimize potential losses.
So far, we have dealt with different aspects of the Vortex Momentum trading system. Now, we will look at the pros and cons of this system.
As we can see, Vortex Momentum is a free trading system. Traders don’t have to pay platform or registration fees to use this system. However, they have to deposit a minimum capital of $250. This amount will be used for all trading activities. Numerous payment methods, like credit/debit cards, net banking, PayPal, Skrill, wire transfers, etc are available on this platform.
Traders can choose any one of them and invest the money. To make more profits, traders should consider investing more money in their accounts. There is a higher chance of making more profits when one increases their investments. Nevertheless, since the crypto market is risky and volatile, we recommend conducting thorough research before investing more money.
The Vortex Momentum trading system supports various cryptocurrencies and enables traders to expand their trading portfolios. It will also help reduce the risks associated with trading. Noted below are the major cryptocurrencies available on this platform.
The Vortex Momentum trading system is legal and available in major countries across the world. It has gained immense popularity within a short amount of time. Listed below are the countries where this system can be used to make more profits.
Visit the official Vortex Momentum website to get the full list of countries where it is legal and available.
In this Vortex Momentum review, we have evaluated all the features and aspects of the trading system. As we can see, it has received positive feedback from users across the globe. The system uses technologies, like artificial intelligence, analytics, and algorithms, to evaluate real-time market data and identify profitable trade movements.
Experienced and novice traders can use it and the functions are quite simple. In addition, the system automatically implements techniques to reduce the risks involved in trading. Many unique features are also integrated into the system to make trading more efficient and profitable.
Vortex Momentum has an impressive success rate of around 85%, thanks to its advanced AI algorithms that analyze market trends and make smart trading decisions. Users regularly report substantial returns on their investments, which supports the platform’s effectiveness.
This is a free trading system. Traders only need to deposit a minimum capital of $250. All the functions and processes are straightforward and transparent. Moreover, encryption technologies are used to protect user data and funds. After studying all these aspects and evaluating user feedback, we can conclude that Vortex Momentum is worth a shot.
Vortex Momentum has garnered positive reviews and holds an expert rating of 4.5 out of 5. Users have praised its 24/7 customer support and the platform’s overall performance. Considering all this, the trading platform appears to be legitimate.
Start Trading On Vortex Momentum For Free
No. Because of trading restrictions, the Vortex Momentum trading system is unavailable in the US, and other countries, like Iran, Israel, and Cyprus.
Traders only need to spend less than 30 minutes on Vortex Momentum to set the parameters and assets they want to trade. The system automatically does the rest of the tasks.
Yes. Vortex Momentum is a web-based system. It is available on various devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets.
No. You don’t have to submit any documents for verification while registering on Vortex Momentum. The team will verify the details and send a confirmation link to your email address.
Individuals below 18 years of age should not be involved in activities like trading. So, the Vortex Momentum system should not be used by children who are below 18 years old.
Finance Phantom is a new trading system designed to help both beginners and experienced traders increase their profits. This web-based platform allows users to trade from anywhere at any time. The creators claim that it is an automated system capable of executing trades 24/7 without human intervention. This review of Finance Phantom aims to investigate these claims and evaluate whether the system is legitimate.
Visit Finance Phantom Platform
Before signing up, it’s important to ensure that Finance Phantom is a safe and secure platform. We will also look into various aspects of this trading system, including how it works, its features and tools, the assets available for trading, and more. Additionally, we will review user feedback and expert ratings to reach a final verdict.
Trading platform name | Finance Phantom |
Platform type | Web-based trading platform |
User interface | User-friendly interface |
Verification required | Yes |
Registration fee | None |
Minimum capital investment | $250 |
Profit withdrawal | Anytime you want |
Assets supported | Cryptocurrencies, forex, commodities, and stocks |
Countries available | Available in many countries all around the world |
Payment methods supported | Debit/credit card payment, PayPal, Skrill, and bank transfer |
Official Website | Click Here |
Finance Phantom is a trading platform designed to help traders make profitable trades. It simplifies trading with an automated dashboard and connects users with reputable brokers to finalize trades. The system uses cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and advanced algorithms. It supports trading in various digital asset classes, including cryptocurrencies, Forex, CFDs, and stocks. Traders can switch between manual and automated modes based on their preferences.
Finance Phantom is free to use, with no registration or platform fees. However, you need to make a minimum deposit of $250 (or the equivalent in your local currency) to start trading. This deposit acts as your trading capital and can be increased according to your goals. Traders of all backgrounds can use this platform, and even beginners can start without any prior experience.
Click Here To Visit Finance Phantom Official Website
The crypto market is known for its high volatility. This system uses advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithms to constantly analyze both historical and real-time market data. It spots market movements and identifies the best trade opportunities with 99.9% accuracy. By evaluating this data, the system helps predict future price ranges and asset performance.
As an automated trading platform, it handles all the tasks, so traders don’t need to guess or speculate on price movements. However, if traders prefer, they can switch to manual mode to take control themselves. The AI-driven system also sends alerts about potential trade opportunities. It operates 24/7, executing trades in a streamlined manner. Additionally, this platform allows traders to connect with reputable brokerage services.
Finance Phantom Is Not A Scam
Based on our analysis, the Finance Phantom trading system does not appear to be a scam. Despite being a relatively new platform, it has attracted significant attention from trade experts due to its accuracy and advanced features. It has also received a lot of positive customer feedback in a short period. Many crypto traders and experts have carefully examined every aspect of this system and conducted multiple tests. After a thorough evaluation, they concluded that Finance Phantom is a legitimate trading platform.
If you want to trade with Finance Phantom, here are a few steps that you need to complete to get started with it:
Register On Finance Phantom For Free
In this section, we will look into some of the prime features of the Finance Phantom trading platform:
One of the prime features of Finance Phantom is that it offers you precise trading signals that can help you make informative trading decisions. The signals are provided after the trading system analyzes the trading market and the trends and new price movements.
The Finance Phantom trading platform allows you to customize the assistance that you require when trading with the system. You can customize the level and kind of assistance and trading insights that you need from the system according to your experience level and trading goals.
Finance Phantom is a trading system with robust security features that allows you to trade safely without worrying about any prying eyes and cyber security concerns. Along with this, the trading platform also ensures privacy when you use it.
Cons of Finance Phantom
Finance Phantom is a free trading platform. So apart from the capital needed for trading, you don’t have to spend any money to use the system for trading. The minimum amount that you need to deposit as capital is $250. On the official website of Finance Phantom, there are multiple payment options available for you to deposit capital which includes bank transfer, debit/credit card payment, PayPal, and Skrill. Once you deposit and start trading, you can make use of the assistance and resources that the trading system offers to earn profits and multiply the capital that you have invested.
Finance Phantom supports trading of numerous cryptocurrencies that are legal for trading and this includes the major ones such as the following:
Apart from cryptocurrencies, you can also trade stocks, commodities, and forex on the Finance Phantom trading platform.
Trade Now With Finance Phantom Platform For Free
Finance Phantom is made available for all people who want to trade with the assistance of a technology or system that can help them conduct profitable trading transactions. Even though there are a few countries that do not support Finance Phantom usage which includes the United States of America. However, the majority of the countries that allow crypto trading platforms support the use of Finance Phantom.
Some of the main countries where Finance Phantom is popular are listed below:
Rating: 4.7/5 | Critic Reviews: 27
Customers who have used the trading platform shared their feedback on various online platforms like Trustpilot, Quora, X, and Reddit. The overall rating that the customer has given for the trading platform is 4.8/5. Many share that the trading system has worked quite well for achieving their trading goals and has offered them assistance that can help in making informative decisions. Along with this, the customers have shared that they have a safe trading experience with the system.
After a thorough analysis, Finance Phantom received an average rating of 4.7 out of 5 stars. This makes it one of the top recommended automated crypto trading platforms available today.
Expert assessments and reports on the trading system say that it is a legit one that any trader can rely on. Experts have tried out the system by investing the minimum capital required and most of them could easily multiply the capital that they have invested which shows that the system works.
This Finance Phantom review has covered all the key aspects of the trading system. We hope it has answered all your questions and concerns. Here’s a quick summary of what we’ve discussed:
Finance Phantom is a free trading platform that uses advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithms to analyze market data, identify profitable movements, and predict market conditions. It connects traders with reliable brokerage services. There are no usage fees, only an initial deposit of $250, which can be adjusted based on your trading goals. Users can switch between manual and automatic trading modes, making it suitable for both beginners and experienced traders.
The platform is highly secure, using measures to protect user data and funds from leaks. It operates with 99.9% accuracy and has received a rating of 4.7 out of 5 stars. Given all these factors, Finance Phantom is a highly recommended trading platform and seems worth trying.
Finance Phantom Platform has over 1600 reviews from our borrowers with an average rating of 4.9 stars out of 5
Start Trading On Finance Phantom Platform For Free
Does Finance Phantom charge any subscription fees?
No, Finance Phantom does not charge you any subscription fee or hidden costs. It is completely free to use.
How long will it take to register an account on Finance Phantom?
You can complete the registration process on the official website of Finance Phantom in less than five minutes.
Who should not use Finance Phantom?
Finance Phantom can be used for trading by anyone interested apart from individuals below the age of 18.
How can I check if Finance Phantom is legal to use in my country?
You can check if Finance Phantom is legal to use in your country while registering an account on the list of countries where it is supported.
Can I use Finance Phantom on mobile phones?
Yes, Finance Phantom is a web-based trading platform that is compatible with mobile phones.
Cost of importation of Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) also known as petrol is rising, fueling possible adjustment of pump price by marketers.
Experts in the petroleum industry sector have also cautioned that expected downward pricing of refined products from Dangote refinery may not be feasible as cost of crude whether supplied locally and in local currency would be priced in relation to international benchmark.
Speaking with our Correspondent on the sidelines of one day roundtable on “The Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Industry in Nigeria: The Roles of NMDPRA in ensuring Energy Security” one of the discussants and energy expert Henry Adigun, said as at today July 31, 2024 landing cost of petrol is N1,100 per litre aside from associated costs of trucking the product to dispensing outlets.
Adigun, also said that Nigerians should not expect a low priced product from Dangote refinery given that the quality of products from the facility is of high premium and also the crude pricing supply to the refinery is not lower than what it is sold in the international market.
According to him, the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL) is not going to sell crude below cost of production and since crude is an international product Nigeria must be guided by international best practices.
He also, warned about ongoing subsidy on petrol which has made the market uncompetitive, which he also said would continue to create disruptive supply arrangements.
In his submission, Adigun, called for a substantial review of fiscal policies that will entrench competition and strong regulatory environment.
Earlier in his review of the Downstream market, another industry expert Taiwo A. Ogunleye, said petroleum has remained an important part of both the world’s energy mix and the global economy and keystone of our modern energy system helping to drive the global economy.
Petroleum plays an essential role in shaping our lives from fuelling vehicles and generating electricity to producing a wide range of everyday products.
The petroleum industry involves a wide range of commercial activities from the exploration of reserves deep in the ground to the sale of the final product to the end customer.
The industry is frequently shown in the form of a ‘value chain’, specifically a set of activities performed sequentially in order to deliver a final product, and includes upstream, midstream and downstream sectors.
Ogunleye, also spoke on regulatory issues as key to creating efficiency and transparency in the value chain.
Citing a Report issued by the Oil, Gas, and Mining Policy Division of the World Bank, he agreed that “Inadequate regulation and enforcement can also harm the efficiency of fuel supply.
Sector regulations that have not been updated in decades, lack sufficient coverage, or list outdated fuel specifications may deter entry of experienced operators adhering to high standards.
He noted that an efficient legal framework for the downstream petroleum sector requires legislation that clearly defines and limits the role of the government in order to avoid undue interference and establishes principles and rules for the private and public participants in the supply chain in order to create a level playing field and promote fair, transparent, and healthy competition.
The report stated further that all sectors of the economy can benefit from an efficiently managed downstream oil sector that delivers petroleum products in the quantity and at the quality required at least cost.
For a given price of a petroleum product on the world market, end-user prices net of taxes are affected by a number of factors, that includes market size and economies of scale, mode of product transport in terms of cost per litre of fuel transported over land, the least expensive is pipeline transport (in a handful of cases in Sub-Saharan Africa that have the requisite scale economy), followed by rail, and finally by trucks
Liberalised versus controlled pricing
protection given to inefficient domestic suppliers.
He also spoke of energy security which is the continuous availability of energy in varied forms, in sufficient quantities, and at reasonable prices.
He explained that energy security implies availability, affordability, accessibility and acceptability.
In his explanation availability ensures that energy supplies are available in sufficient amounts while affordability aims to have these resources available at sufficiently-low prices.
Accessibility focuses on ensuring all citizens have access to energy, which is to some extent about ensuring that reliable infrastructure is in place to ensure a robust supply for the end user, but this is generally interpreted in practice as ensuring that energy prices are kept low and fuel poverty is minimised.
He said acceptability is concerned with the negative impacts of energy, such as pollution and environmental damage, and ensuring that these impacts are minimised in order to make the energy acceptable to the customer.
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