As temperatures rise and extreme weather events occur with greater frequency and intensity, the cost of climate change is growing. Yet climate change has a disproportionate effect on poorer countries, which are also the least able to pay for the damage. Moreover, poorer countries contribute the least to the root causes of the problem.
A report from the World Meteorological Organization, WMO says Africa is responsible for only a fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions but is suffering disproportionately from climate change.
The State of the Climate in Africa report shows this is harming food security, ecosystems and economies, fueling displacement and migration and worsening the threat of conflict over dwindling resources.
According to the report, the rate of temperature increase in Africa has accelerated in recent decades, with weather- and climate-related hazards becoming more severe. And yet financing for climate adaptation is only a drop in the ocean of what is needed.
A displacement camp for people impacted by drought in Baidoa, Somalia, in Sept. 2022.
More than 110 million people in Africa were directly affected by weather, climate and water-related hazards, causing more than US$ 8.5 billion in economic damages.
According to the Emergency Event Database, there were a reported 5,000 fatalities, of which 48 percent were associated with drought and 43% were associated with flooding. But the true toll is likely to be much higher because of under-reporting.
“Africa is responsible for less than 10 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. But it is the continent which is the least able to cope with the negative impacts of climate change. Heatwaves, heavy rains, floods, tropical cyclones, and prolonged droughts are having devastating impacts on communities and economies, with increasing numbers of people at risk,” said WMO Secretary-General Prof. Petteri Taalas.
“There are big gaps in weather observations in Africa and early warning services are woefully adequate. We are determined to close those gaps and ensure that life-saving early warnings reach everyone,” he said.
The report was produced jointly with the African Union Commission and the Africa Climate Policy Centre of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).
“Africa, like other regions, has come to terms with the reality that climate change is already happening. Left untamed, the coming decades and years would easily be characterized by severe climate-induced pressure on the continent’s economies, livelihoods and nature,” says H.E. Ambassador Josefa Leonel Correia Sacko, Commissioner for Agriculture, Rural Development, Blue Economy and Sustainable Environment at the African Union Commission.
“Given Africa’s high exposure, fragility and low adaptive capacity, the effects of climate change are expected to be felt more severely. People’s health, peace, prosperity, infrastructure, and other economic activities across many sectors in Africa are exposed to significant risks associated with climate change,” she writes in the report.
Agriculture is the mainstay of Africa’s livelihoods and national economies – supporting more than 55% of the labour force. However, its agricultural productivity growth has declined by 34% since 1961 due to climate change. This decline is the highest compared to what other regions of the world have experienced.
Projected annual food imports by African countries are expected to increase by about a factor of three, from US$ 35 billion to US$ 110 billion by 2025.
The loss and damage costs in Africa due to climate change are projected to range between US$ 290 billion and US$ 440 billion, depending on the degree of warming, according to the UNECA’s African Climate Policy Centre.
Climate change and the diminishing natural resource base could fuel conflicts for scarce productive land, water, and pastures, where farmer-herder violence has increased over the past 10 years due to growing land pressure, with geographic concentrations in many sub-Saharan countries, according to the report.
